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Amateur Telescope Making Notes The Maker

There are two major types of optical telescopes: refracting telescopes, in which the image is formed by passing through a lens, and reflecting, where the image is formed bouncing off a curved mirror.
Ever since Galileo took a Dutch invention and adapted it to astronomical use, telescope making has been an evolving discipline.
Many astronomers after the time of Galileo built their own telescopes out of necessity, but the advent of amateurs in the field building telescopes for their own enjoyment and education seems to have come into prominence in the 20th century.
Many people are surprised when they find out that the optics for a 6 or 8 inch Newtonian reflecting telescope can be made by hand using the simplest of tools and materials. Since the invention of the telescope about 400 years ago, telescope making has always had an amateur component. Some amateur telescope makers were fascinated by the process itself, while others (like the great observer of the night sky, William Herschel) became amateur telescope makers as a means to their ultimate objective of exploration.
Newtonian Reflector is the most common telescope built by amateur telescope makers, large sections of the literature on the subject are devoted to fabrication of the primary mirror. The mirror has to be carefully "figured" to an extremely accurate shape, usually a paraboloidal, although telescopes with high focal ratios may use spherical mirrors since the difference in the two shapes is insignificant at those ratios. The tools used to achieve this shape are surprisingly simple, consisting of a of similarly sized glass "tool", a series of finer abrasives, and a polishing "pitch lap" made from a type of tree sap. Through a whole series of random strokes the “mirror” becomes a perfect spheroidal section. At that point it only takes a slight variation in polishing strokes to create the desired paraboloidal shape.
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